Papers byRonald Satz

To present-day physical science the numerical value of Planck’s constant is a mystery: quantum mechanica does not have a theoretical method for its calculation. By contrast the Reciprocal System of theory derives the value of all physical constants, including Planck’s constant, from its fundamental postulates. However, because of errors in the previous derivations, this paper presents a new, dimensionally sound method for the calculation.

The rotational displacements of the material proton (a single rotating system of a 2R photon) are 2-1-(1); the rotational displacements of the cosmic proton (a single rotating system of a ½ R photon) are (2)-(1)-1. Both protons can take a positive or negative charge (because both have the necessary space and time displacements).

In a previous paper of mine¹ I discussed Hubble’s Law and the Reciprocal System.   I integrated Hubble’s equation to obtain the following equation representing the distance of a galaxy from our galaxy as a function of time:

Beginning students of the Reciprocal System often have difficulty understanding scalar motion, confusing it with vectorial motion. I will attempt here to clarify matters.

Rutherford’s nuclear theory of the atom has held sway in the scientific community for 70 years.  I now propose a test which may disprove it.

This paper will critique the conventional physical theory espoused by Stephen Hawking (hereafter abbreviated to SH) in his best-selling book. From the perspective of the Reciprocal System (hereafter abbreviated to RS), the book is full of errors on practically every page. Still I urge members of ISUS to read it-SH does a good job of presenting the “establishments” viewpoint and its worth pondering his thinking.

This paper presents the first rational calculation of the dissociation energy of diatomic molecules.  Quantum mechanics does not have such a calculation, even in principle.  The importance of this calculation is that it provides additional quantitative verification of the molecular force and energy concepts of the Reciprocal System.

Dissociation energy is the change in energy (usually expressed in kcal per mole) at absolute zero temperature in the ideal gas state for the reaction

At last year‘s ISUS convention, a number of individuals expressed difficulty in comprehending the difference between clock space and coordinate space and the difference between clock time and coordinate time. This note will review these concepts to aid the understanding of these individuals.

Introduction

As brought out at the recent convention, some confusion has arisen over Larson’s gravitational equation, eq. (2) of the original edition of the Structure of the Physical Universe:

The correct expanded version of this equation is

I. Quarks

                                            (F. A. Moen)

This paper will present in the most concrete, explicit manner the mathematics of space–time, radiation, and matter of the Reciprocal System.  Readers without special knowledge of the Reciprocal System are first urged to study Larson’s books, especially Nothing But Motion¹ before undertaking the study of this paper.

I.  Mathematics of Space–Time

A.   Rectangular Coordinates

This paper discusses the forces on stars in a globular cluster. Consider Figure 1; the symbols are defined as follows:

M_g = mass of the stars of a globular ciuster Internal to g that of a particular star

m = mass of that particular star

m_p = mass of the nearest neigboring stars

x_g = distance of the star from the mass center of the globular g cluster

x_{p =} distance of the star from the mass center of the nearest neighboring stars

The conceptual basis for Hubble’s Law in the Reciprocal System has been discussed by Mr. Larson in a number of his works. This paper will present some additional mathematical details.

Hubble’s Law is commonly written as

In November, 1974, two teams, one at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and the other at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, announced the discovery of a new particle with a mass equivalent to 3,105 MeV/c² of energy. The lifetime of this particle is about 10^-20 second, considered by some to be a remarkably long lifetime for a particle of this heavy mass. This particle is named with the Greek letter, psi, and is referred to as a psi resonance.

Question:    With respect to what is space-time moving? If there is not something more fundamental than space-time with respect to which space-time, itself, is moving, then space-time cannot properly be said to move (or progress) at all.

Introduction

Introduction: the Reciprocal System vs. Present Theory

Current theoretical physics views time as one-dimensional and constituting a kind of quasispace which joins with the three dimensions of space to form a four-dimensional space-time framework, within which physical objects move one-dimensionally. This view has been formulated to help explain some of the new phenomena discovered in the twentieth century, such as the very small, the very large, and the very fast.

The theory of stellar energy generation in the Reciprocal System is stated qualitatively in various works by Mr. Larson, such as Quasars and Pulsars. For the benefit of new readers of Reciprocity, I quote Mr. Larson in full:

For many years scientists and engineers have had available an excellent equation of state for gaseous matter. Now, at last, the Reciprocal System of Dewey B. Larson is able to give us an exact equation of state for solid matter. This paper will present a unified treatment of the subject, with Reference 1 as the starting point.

I. Volume of Solid as a Function of Temperature with Pressure Constant

In a previous paper¹ I worked out the general form of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and applied it to the special case of a planet orbiting the sun. In this case Newton’s Law was modified by the factor

For the case of an object moving directly toward another object rather than orbiting, the genetal equation reduces to Newton’s Law multiplied by the factor

Introduction

Nearly all present-day physicists are convinced of the truth of the assertion in the following quotation from Weidner and Sells’ Elementary Modern Physics⁽¹⁾:

It was by the alphaparticle scattering experiments, suggested by Rutherford, that the existence of atomic nuclei was established.

From thermodynamics,¹ the general equation of state of a pure substance is

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{V}=\beta\mathrm{d}T-\kappa\mathrm{d}P\qquad(1)$$

where

$$\beta=\frac{1}{V}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T}\right)_P=\ volume\ expansivity\qquad(2)$$

and

This paper provides a step-by-step procedure for the calculation of liquid specific volume as a function of composition and temperature, based on the Reciprocal System of D. B. Larson¹.  In this theory, each individual molecule may be in the solid, liquid, or gaseous (or vapor) state, regardless of the state of the majority of molecules of the substance.

            First let's define some terms:

Question: Please provide a detailed rationale of how the RS theory produces the correct answer to this “Lorentz transform” problem:

M
L <———|———> R

Question: How can two photons from separate sources meet if their space-time locations are moving away from each other with the space-time progression?

Answer :

In terms of the egs system, the unit of electron charge (and quantity) is calculated by multiplying the Faraday constant by the mass equivalent of unit atomic weight:

2.89366x10¹⁴ esu/g-equiv * 1.65979x10^-24 g = 4.80287x10^-10 esu

(ref. [1]). Of course, 4.80287x10^-10 esu is equal to 1.602062x10^-19 coulombs.

This paper will present the Reciprocal System theory of electrons and currents and compare it with the conventional theory

1. The Electron

Mr. Larson has worked. out the static relations between particles in the time region; specifically, he has calculated the equilibrium interatomic distances for all the elements and many compounds (see pages 27-49 of The Structure of the Physlcal Universe). This paper will explore he dynamic relations between particles in the time region.

Kip Thorne introduces his article on black holes in Scientific American by stating: